1. ER Stress-Induced Secretion of Proteins and Their Extracellular ...
Sep 10, 2020 · This study found that GRP78 is shuttled through the Golgi apparatus and secretory granules, and identified the DNAJ homolog subfamily C member ...
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is a result of conditions that imbalance protein homeostasis or proteostasis at the ER, for example ischemia, and is a common event in various human pathologies, including the diseased heart. Cardiac integrity and function ...
2. Through the back door: Unconventional protein secretion
For example, some secreted proteins lack a signal sequence and never enter the ER or Golgi. They are called unconventionally secreted proteins (Dimou and ...
Proteins are secreted from eukaryotic cells by several mechanisms besides the well-characterized classical secretory system. Proteins destined to enter the classical secretory system contain a signal peptide for translocation into the endoplasmic reticulum. ...
3. Protein secretion in plants: conventional and unconventional ...
Aug 3, 2017 · Distinct pathways for protein secretion have been revealed in plant cells, both conventional and unconventional.
Distinct pathways for protein secretion have been revealed in plant cells, both conventional and unconventional. Advanced techniques have been developed to unve
4. Dance of The Golgi: Understanding Golgi Dynamics in Cancer Metastasis
The Golgi is responsible for the secretion of components that help form the ECM; hence, alterations in Golgi dynamics of cancer cells can make the secretome and ...
The Golgi apparatus is at the center of protein processing and trafficking in normal cells. Under pathological conditions, such as in cancer, aberrant Golgi dynamics alter the tumor microenvironment and the immune landscape, which enhances the invasive and metastatic potential of cancer cells. Among these changes in the Golgi in cancer include altered Golgi orientation and morphology that contribute to atypical Golgi function in protein trafficking, post-translational modification, and exocytosis. Golgi-associated gene mutations are ubiquitous across most cancers and are responsible for modifying Golgi function to become pro-metastatic. The pharmacological targeting of the Golgi or its associated genes has been difficult in the clinic; thus, studying the Golgi and its role in cancer is critical to developing novel therapeutic agents that limit cancer progression and metastasis. In this review, we aim to discuss how disrupted Golgi function in cancer cells promotes invasion and metastasis.
5. [PDF] Regulation of COPII vesicle formation and protein sorting - DSpace@MIT
recessive mutations in three genes can efficiently bypass the secretion block that results from null mutations of the essential vesicle coat protein gene SEC13.
6. Unconventional secretion of unglycosylated ORF8 is ... - PLOS
Mechanistically, ORF8 is a secretory protein that can be secreted by infected epithelial cells via both conventional and unconventional secretory pathways.
Author summary Cytokine storm is an important point in the transition of COVID-19 from mild to severe/critical diseases. Clinical cases show that the viral loads in patients are not directly proportional to the severity of disease symptoms, which indicates that in addition to virion release, there is a unique indirect cellular communication mechanism in the development of cytokine storm. In this study, we found that accessory protein ORF8 is a secretory protein that acts as messenger for the inter-cellular communication between alveolar epithelial cells (the main targets of virus) and monocytes/macrophages (the main executors of cytokine storm). Our findings are helpful to understand the occurrence of cytokine storm caused by SARS-CoV-2, and provide a potential strategy for COVID-19 therapeutic drugs.
7. Signal Peptide-Dependent Protein Transport inBacillus subtilis
Furthermore, proteins can be secreted into the external environment of the cell. ... protein secretion does not bypass SecA in B. subtilis. Interestingly, no ...
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8. [PDF] Title: Unconventional secretion ofunglycosylated ORF8 is critical for ...
Dec 28, 2021 · result of conventional secretion through the Golgi apparatus. By ... ORF8 protein can be secreted by infected epithelial cells, which is ...
9. Unconventional secretion of unglycosylated ORF8 is ... - bioRxiv
Dec 28, 2021 · We found that ORF8 protein can be secreted into cell culture medium (Fig. ... result of conventional secretion through the Golgi apparatus. By ...
Coronavirus disease 2019 is a respiratory infectious disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Evidence on the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 is accumulating rapidly. In addition to structural proteins such as Spike and Envelope, the functional roles of non-structural and accessory proteins in regulating viral life cycle and host immune responses remain to be understood. Here, we show that open reading frame 8 (ORF8) acts as messenger for inter-cellular communication between alveolar epithelial cells and macrophages during SARS-CoV-2 infection. Mechanistically, ORF8 is a secretory protein that can be secreted by infected epithelial cells via both conventional and unconventional secretory pathways. The unconventionally secreted ORF8 recognizes the IL17RA receptor of macrophages and induces cytokine release. However, conventionally secreted ORF8 cannot bind to IL17RA due to N-linked glycosylation. Furthermore, we found that Yip1 interacting factor homolog B (YIF1B) is a channel protein that translocates unglycosylated ORF8 into vesicles for unconventional secretion. Blocking the unconventional secretion of ORF8 via a YIF1B knockout in hACE2 mice attenuates inflammation and yields delayed mortality following SARS-CoV-2 challenge. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.
10. Vesicles & Endoplasmic Reticulum - Society for Developmental Biology
... body cells also affects lipoprotein secretion, as it does in vertebrates. ... proteins localizes dually to PM and Golgi across phyla and cell types. The PM pool ...
Activation of IRE1, PERK and salt-inducible kinases leads to Sec body formation in Drosophila S2 cells
11. Interactive Fly, Drosophila - Society for Developmental Biology
Hedgehog proteins are secreted from cells and undergo autocatalytic cleavage and cholesterol modification to produce a mature signaling domain. This domain of ...
The ihog gene (interference hedgehog), identified by RNA interference in Drosophila cultured cells, encodes a type 1 membrane protein shown in this study to bind and to mediate response to the active Hedgehog (Hh) protein signal. ihog mutations produce defects characteristic of Hh signaling loss in embryos and imaginal discs, and epistasis analysis places ihog action at or upstream of the negatively acting receptor component, Patched (Ptc). The first of two extracellular fibronectin type III (FNIII) domains of the Ihog protein mediates a specific interaction with Hh protein in vitro, but the second FNIII domain is additionally required for in vivo signaling activity and for Ihog-enhanced binding of Hh protein to cells coexpressing Ptc. Other members of the Ihog family, including Drosophila Boi and mammalian CDO and BOC, also interact with Hh ligands via a specific FNIII domain, thus identifying an evolutionarily conserved family of membrane proteins that function in Hh signal response (Yao, 2006; full text of article).
12. Pathogenesis, epidemiology and control of Group A Streptococcus ...
Mar 9, 2023 · GAS produces a large number of cell wall-associated and secreted virulence factors that have various effects on tissues, cells and ...
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS) is exquisitely adapted to the human host, resulting in asymptomatic infection, pharyngitis, pyoderma, scarlet fever or invasive diseases, with potential for triggering post-infection immune sequelae. GAS deploys a range of virulence determinants to allow colonization, dissemination within the host and transmission, disrupting both innate and adaptive immune responses to infection. Fluctuating global GAS epidemiology is characterized by the emergence of new GAS clones, often associated with the acquisition of new virulence or antimicrobial determinants that are better adapted to the infection niche or averting host immunity. The recent identification of clinical GAS isolates with reduced penicillin sensitivity and increasing macrolide resistance threatens both frontline and penicillin-adjunctive antibiotic treatment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has developed a GAS research and technology road map and has outlined preferred vaccine characteristics, stimulating renewed interest in the development of safe and effective GAS vaccines. In this Review, Brouwer et al. summarize recent developments in our understanding of Group A Streptococcus (GAS), focusing on the epidemiologic and clinical features of GAS infection and the molecular mechanisms associated with GAS virulence and drug resistance.
13. [PDF] SecretePEPPr - RIT Scholar Works
May 7, 2021 · Plant pathology research has long placed a focus on pathogen-derived effector proteins: small, secreted proteins translocated into host cells ...
FAQs
Is the cell of a typical single celled protist much less complex than an animal cell True or false? ›
The cell of a typical single-celled protist is less complex than an animal cell. A. True. Protists are simple organisms with simple cell structure.
What is a characteristic of each of the single-celled organisms called protists? ›All protists are eukaryotic organisms. This means that they have a membrane-enclosed nucleus and other cell organelles. Most protists are aquatic, others are found in moist and damp environments. Most are unicellular, however, there are a few multicellular protists such as the giant kelp.
What characteristic do all organisms from the Kingdom Protista share? ›Answer and Explanation: In terms of commonalities, all protists share these features: a cellular nucleus and membrane bound organelles. Note that most (but not all) protists are both unicellular and eukaryotic. Further, while there are animal-like protists, there are also those that are plant-like in contrast.
Is a protist less complex than an animal cell? ›Being mostly unicellular, protists are considered the simplest form of eukaryotic organism. Clearly, humans are far more complex organisms than protists. However, in a way, individual human cells can be considered less complex than protists.
Are protists more complex than animal cells? ›While unicellular protists would seem to be the simplest eukaryotic organisms, at the cellular level they are the most elaborate of all cells. A single cell must perform all the basic functions performed by the collective of specialized cells in plants and animals.
Are protists more complex than animals? ›Nevertheless, eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic ones, animals and plants are more complex than protists, and so on.
Are animal cells more complex? ›Animal cells are more complex than plant cells because they have several organelles that help them carry out specific tasks. Plant cells do not have all of the same organelles as animal cells, but they do have some specialized structures that allow them to perform important functions.